Overview
Cusco sits at roughly 3,400 metres (11,150 ft) above sea level in the Andes of southern Peru and was the administrative and spiritual heart of the Inca Empire from the 13th century until the Spanish conquest in the 1530s. Today it is a living city of around 428,000 people, not a museum piece, with neighborhoods that layer Inca stonework beneath Spanish colonial churches and contemporary Peruvian life.
UNESCO designated Cusco's historic centre a World Heritage Site in 1983, recognising both its pre-Columbian foundations and the remarkable fusion architecture that emerged after the conquest. Walls built by Inca stonemasons — fitted without mortar to extraordinary precision — still serve as the bases of churches, convents, and private homes throughout the centro histórico.
Beyond its own monuments, Cusco functions as the principal gateway to the Sacred Valley of the Incas, Machu Picchu, and dozens of other archaeological sites. Most overland and rail routes to those destinations begin here, which means the city sees a high volume of through-traffic — but Cusco rewards travelers who slow down and treat it as a destination in its own right rather than just a transit point.
Before You Go
Altitude and acclimatisation
Cusco's elevation is the single most important thing to prepare for. Altitude sickness (soroche) is common among new arrivals, regardless of age or fitness level. Most travel health professionals recommend spending at least one or two full days resting, avoiding alcohol, eating lightly, and staying hydrated before attempting strenuous activity or onward travel to higher elevations. Coca-leaf tea, widely available locally, is a traditional remedy and is legal in Peru; its efficacy is anecdotal but it is deeply embedded in local culture. Consult a physician before your trip about prescription options such as acetazolamide.
Visas and entry
Entry requirements vary by nationality. For current, accurate information check TravelerPulse's Visas section and the official Peruvian immigration authority (Superintendencia Nacional de Migraciones, migraciones.gob.pe). Do not rely on secondhand accounts, as rules can change.
Health and vaccinations
Check current vaccination recommendations with your national health authority or a travel medicine clinic well before departure. Travel insurance that includes medical evacuation is strongly advised given the remote terrain surrounding Cusco.
Practical prep
- Bring layers: days can be warm and sunny; evenings and nights drop significantly, even in the dry season.
- The rainy season (roughly November–March) brings daily afternoon showers; trails and roads can become difficult.
- ATMs are available in the city centre; carry some cash for markets, smaller restaurants, and rural areas.
- Confirm any Machu Picchu or Inca Trail permits well in advance — capacity is restricted and slots sell out months ahead.
Getting There
By air
Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport (CUZ) is located within the city limits, approximately 15–20 minutes by taxi from the Plaza de Armas depending on traffic. It handles domestic flights from Lima, Arequipa, and other Peruvian cities, as well as some international connections. Verify current routes and schedules directly with airlines or a travel agent, as service changes frequently.
By train
PeruRail and Inca Rail operate scenic rail services between Cusco (departing from Poroy or Wanchaq stations) and Aguas Calientes, the town below Machu Picchu. Journey times and departure points vary by service class; book directly through the rail operators. A train connection also runs between Cusco and Puno (Lake Titicaca), operated seasonally — verify current schedules locally.
By bus
Long-distance bus services connect Cusco with Lima, Arequipa, Puno, and other cities. Several operators run comfortable overnight and daytime coaches; journey times are long (Lima is roughly 20+ hours). The bus terminal (Terminal Terrestre) is south of the city centre. Compare operators and book tickets in advance, particularly during high season and Peruvian public holidays.
By road
Self-driving to Cusco is uncommon for international visitors due to road conditions, altitude, and the complexity of car rental logistics in Peru. Verify locally if this is your intention.
Getting Around
Within the city
The centro histórico is compact and largely walkable, though the cobblestone streets and elevation will slow your pace. Comfortable, supportive footwear is essential. Taxis (metered or negotiated fare — confirm before you get in) are widely available. Ride-hailing apps operate in Cusco; verify which are current and active before your trip. Mototaxis are common in outlying neighborhoods.
To the Sacred Valley and nearby sites
Colectivos (shared minibuses) and private taxis serve routes to Pisac, Ollantaytambo, Chinchero, and other Sacred Valley destinations. Colectivos depart from set points in the city (locations are best confirmed locally) and are an economical option. Organized day-tour minibuses are an alternative that bundles transport with guiding. Renting a car with a driver is another option for greater flexibility; verify reputable agencies locally or through your accommodation.
Boleto Turístico
Cusco's Boleto Turístico (tourist ticket) grants entry to a bundled set of archaeological sites, museums, and attractions in the city and the Sacred Valley. It comes in partial and full circuit versions. Purchase it at the official COSITUC offices or at participating sites — verify current pricing and included sites directly, as the ticket structure has changed over the years.
Things to See & Do
Inca and colonial heritage
- Plaza de Armas: The historic main square, surrounded by colonial arcades, the Cathedral, and the Church of La Compañía de Jesús. Sitting at its heart gives you the clearest sense of Cusco's layered history.
- Qorikancha (Coricancha): Once the most important temple in the Inca Empire, dedicated to the sun. The Spanish built the Convent of Santo Domingo directly on its foundations; the juxtaposition of Inca and colonial stonework is remarkable.
- Sacsayhuamán: A monumental Inca ceremonial and military complex on a hill above the city, notable for its massive precisely-fitted limestone blocks. Walking distance from the centro histórico, though the uphill walk at altitude is demanding.
- San Blas neighborhood: A bohemian uphill barrio known for artists' workshops, whitewashed walls, and the intricately carved pulpit of the San Blas church.
- Cathedral of Cusco: Built on the foundations of the palace of Inca Viracocha, the cathedral houses an extensive collection of colonial religious art including the famous painting of the Last Supper depicting local foods. Verify opening hours and entry fees locally.
Nearby archaeological sites
- Tambomachay, Puca Pucara, and Q'enqo are clustered near Sacsayhuamán and can be visited on foot or by taxi; all are included in the Boleto Turístico (verify current inclusion).
- Pisac and Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley offer extensive Inca terracing and citadels and are practical half-day or full-day excursions.
Festivals
Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun) takes place each June (around the June solstice) and is one of the largest festivals in South America, centred at Sacsayhuamán. Corpus Christi and the Cusco anniversary (June 24) also draw large crowds. Book accommodation very far in advance if traveling during these periods.
Outdoor activities
The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is a multi-day trek requiring a permit obtained months ahead through licensed operators. Alternative treks (Salkantay, Lares, Ausangate) offer comparable Andean scenery with fewer permit constraints. Horseback riding, mountain biking, and rafting on the Urubamba River are available; vet operators for safety standards before booking.
Food & Drink
Cusco has a well-developed dining scene that ranges from traditional Andean cooking to contemporary Peruvian cuisine and international options, concentrated around the Plaza de Armas, the San Blas neighborhood, and Avenida El Sol.
Andean staples to try
- Cuy: Guinea pig, roasted or fried; a traditional Andean protein with deep cultural significance.
- Lomo saltado: A Peruvian stir-fry of beef, tomatoes, and onions, typically served with rice and fries — a Lima-originated dish found everywhere.
- Chicharrón: Fried pork, often served in a bread roll at breakfast.
- Choclo con queso: Andean corn (larger-kernel than most varieties) served with fresh cheese — a simple, satisfying snack sold by vendors near market areas.
- Quinoa and other grains: Andean grains appear in soups, stews, and side dishes; the region is their historic origin.
Drinks
- Chicha morada: A non-alcoholic purple corn drink, lightly spiced and sweet.
- Chicha de jora: Fermented corn beer with pre-Columbian origins; served in traditional chicherías (small local bars), sometimes marked with a red flag or bag outside the door.
- Pisco sour: Peru's national cocktail, widely available; quality varies.
- Mate de coca: Coca-leaf tea served in virtually every hotel and many restaurants as a courtesy for altitude adjustment.
The Mercado San Pedro (San Pedro Market) near the city centre is a practical, authentic place to eat lunch at market stalls and to buy local produce. Exercise standard food-safety judgment — choose stalls with high turnover and freshly cooked food.
Shopping
Cusco is one of Peru's primary centres for Andean textiles, crafts, and artisanal goods. The San Blas neighborhood hosts a concentration of weavers, ceramicists, and silversmiths selling directly from their workshops.
- Textiles: Hand-woven alpaca and wool textiles — blankets, ponchos, scarves, and bags — are produced in the region using techniques with deep Andean roots. Quality varies enormously; machine-made items are often sold alongside handmade ones. Visiting cooperatives or workshops where you can see production is the best way to ensure authenticity.
- Silver jewelry: A strong local tradition; look for workshops with visible craftspeople.
- Retablos and carved gourds: Traditional folk art forms from the broader Andean region.
- Mercado San Pedro: Good for everyday goods, fresh food, and some artisan items at local prices.
- Pisac market: The Sunday market in Pisac (Sacred Valley) is well-regarded for textiles and crafts and is a popular day-trip destination.
Be cautious of pre-Columbian artifacts: it is illegal to export genuine archaeological pieces from Peru, and many items sold as antiques are reproductions. When in doubt, do not purchase.
Practical Information
Money
The Peruvian Sol (PEN) is the only accepted currency for most transactions. ATMs are located throughout the centro histórico; withdraw cash in the city because options thin out in rural areas. Credit cards are accepted at larger restaurants, hotels, and some tour operators, but not universally.
Communications
Mobile coverage (4G) is generally good in the city and along main tourist corridors; it drops significantly in remote valleys and on backcountry trails. Local SIM cards are available from major Peruvian carriers at reasonable cost — bring an unlocked phone. Wi-Fi is widely available in accommodation and cafés.
Emergency contacts
Verify current emergency numbers locally or at your accommodation upon arrival. Peru has a national emergency number (105 for police, 116 for medical emergencies at the time of writing — confirm these are current before your trip). Tourist police (Policía de Turismo) have a presence in Cusco and can assist with theft reports and general visitor issues.
Electricity
Peru uses 220V / 60Hz. Sockets are typically the flat two-pin type (Type A) or a mixed flat/round three-pin (Type C/A hybrid). Carry a universal adapter.
Health facilities
Cusco has private clinics that cater to travelers and can treat altitude-related illness and minor injuries. For serious emergencies, medical evacuation to Lima may be necessary. This is one reason comprehensive travel insurance with evacuation cover is strongly recommended.
Safety
Cusco is a well-traveled city and generally considered manageable for tourists, but petty theft — pickpocketing, bag snatching, and scams targeting visitors — is the most commonly reported problem, particularly around the Plaza de Armas, San Pedro Market, and bus terminals.
- Keep valuables out of sight; use a concealed money belt for passports and extra cash.
- Be cautious of strangers who approach with unsolicited offers of tours, assistance, or friendship — this is the most common setup for scams and distraction theft.
- Use only licensed or app-based taxis; agree on a fare before getting in or ensure the meter is running. Avoid hailing random unmarked vehicles.
- After dark, stick to well-lit, populated areas in the centro histórico; take a taxi rather than walking unfamiliar routes at night.
- Drug-facilitated theft and robbery have been reported; be careful accepting food, drinks, or cigarettes from strangers.
- Trail safety: if trekking independently, inform someone of your itinerary. Weather at altitude can change rapidly. Hiring a licensed, reputable guide is advisable for anything beyond established tourist circuits.
Check your government's current travel advisory for Peru before departure for the most up-to-date security assessment.
Local Culture & Etiquette
Cusco's cultural identity is shaped by the deep continuity of Quechua-speaking Andean traditions alongside centuries of Spanish colonial influence and a strong contemporary Peruvian identity. This is not a homogeneous backdrop — it is a living culture with real significance to the people who maintain it.
- Quechua language: A significant portion of the population speaks Quechua as a first or co-primary language. Learning a few words (allin p'unchay for good day, sulpayki for thank you) is appreciated and reflects respect.
- Pachamama (Mother Earth): Andean spiritual traditions, including reverence for Pachamama, are actively practiced and interwoven with Catholicism in a syncretic form unique to the region. Many festivals and agricultural practices retain deep Andean ritual meaning.
- Photography: Always ask permission before photographing individuals, particularly people in traditional dress. In some areas near markets, people may ask for a small payment in exchange for photos — respect their answer either way.
- Dress modestly when entering churches and religious sites.
- Bargaining: Negotiation is normal at markets and with some transport, but be fair. Haggling aggressively over small amounts of money with market vendors is generally considered poor form.
- Coca leaf: Chewing coca leaves and drinking mate de coca is a centuries-old cultural practice with practical and spiritual dimensions. Observe this with respect rather than novelty.
